Mentoring Skills and Practices of Master Teachers in Zone 2, Schools Division of Zambales
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.11594/assrj.01.02.03Keywords:
Instructional leadership, mentoring interventions, mentoring practices, mentoring skillsAbstract
T
he study investigated the mentoring skills and practices exhibited by master teachers as predicting factors of professional mentoring effectiveness in public secondary schools. The objectives of the study were to know the demographic profile of teachers, identify the level of mentoring skills and practices exhibited by master teacher-mentors, determine if there are significant differences in perceptions when grouped according to teacher characteristics, and find out the relationship between mentoring skills and practices. However, little is known about how the mentoring competencies of master teachers function as an integrated mechanism for professional development within particular school contexts (Mulholland et al., 2019). Results showed that the teacher respondents consisted mostly of mid-adults, Master’s unit earners, and Teacher III rank. It was observed that the profile of master teachers as a mentor showed strong presence across an array of mentoring dimensions (core competencies, communication competences, interpersonal competencies, critical competencies and technical competence) while all categories in mentoring practices (deep feedback provision, personal attributes for being a mentor, alignment within the system, modelling etc and pedagogical knowledge support) were strongly manifested. When grouped by age and years in service across several mentoring dimensions, significant differences were observed, while educational attainment and rank had little impact. A very high positive and significant correlation was established for mentoring skills with the mentoring practices, suggesting each other as mutually interconnected and reinforcing in nature. The study concludes that building capacity among master teachers through successful mentorship is a multifaceted pedagogical competence, which brings together relational, pedagogic, technical, and organizational leadership skills. These results highlight the importance of experiential maturity in the perception and effectiveness of mentorship. Conclusion: A proposed mentoring enhancement framework includes (1) differentiated professional development, (2) research-informed coaching strategies, and technology-supported mentoring systems to bolster instructional capacity. Schools should put into place institutional mentoring capacity-building programs and encourage collaborative professional learning communities while scaling evidence-based mentoring interventions to help teachers grow, develop their practice, and sustain instructional quality. Further training on additional contextual, psychological, and instructional variables could explore what roles each variable plays in successful mentoring of employees in education systems of today.
Downloads
References
Abdullah, N. H., Rahman, S., & Ismail, A. (2023). Age differences in collaborative practices and classroom management competence among secondary school teachers. Inter-national Journal of Instruction, 16(2), 345–360.
Abdullah, N., Karim, R., & Hamzah, M. I. (2024). Teaching experience and mentoring com-petence in secondary schools. Interna-tional Journal of Instruction, 17(1), 233–248.
Alonzo, R. T., David, A. P., & Marquez, L. S. (2023). School-based service training and instructional coherence in secondary ed-ucation. International Journal of Evalua-tion and Research in Education, 12(3), 1502–1511.
Alonzo, R. T., Santos, M. A., & Cruz, J. P. (2024). Teaching experience and mentoring per-ception among teachers. International Journal of Instruction, 17(1), 355–368. DOI: https://doi.org/10.29333/iji.2024.17319a
American Institutes for Research. (2015). Teacher mentoring and induction: Re-search summary. https://www.air.org/
Ampomah, R., Manu, J., & Akyina, K. O. (2024). Empowering novice teachers through mentorship and supported teaching in schools: Implications for education policy and practice. Journal of Education and Practice, 8(9), 1-19. https://carijournals.org/journals/index.php/JEP/article/view/2407 DOI: https://doi.org/10.47941/jep.2407
Aspfors, J., & Jacobsson, K. (2023). Teachers' professional learning through mentor ed-ucation: A longitudinal mixed-methods study. Professional Development in Edu-cation, 49(5), 967-985. https://doi.org/10.1080/20004508.2023.2273019 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/20004508.2023.2273019
Bar-Tal, S., Chamo, N., Ram, D., Snapir, Z., & Gi-lat, I. (2020). First steps in a second ca-reer: Characteristics of the transition to the teaching profession among novice teachers. European Journal of Teacher Education, 43(5), 660–675. https://doi.org/10.1080/02619768.2020.1767106 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/02619768.2019.1708895
Bastian, A., König, J., Weyers, J., Siller, H.-S., & Kaiser, G. (2024). Effects of teaching in-ternships on preservice teachers' noticing in secondary mathematics education. Frontiers in Education, 9, Article 1360315. https://doi.org/10.3389/feduc.2024.1360315 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/feduc.2024.1360315
Bird, L., & Hudson, P. (2015). Investigating a model of mentoring for effective teach-ing. International Journal for Cross-Disciplinary Subjects in Education, 6(1), 2094–2100. https://doi.org/10.20533/ijcdse.2042.6364.2015.0291 DOI: https://doi.org/10.20533/ijcdse.2042.6364.2015.0291
Brown, R. D., Geesa, R. L., & McConnell, K. R. (2020). Creating, implementing, and rede-fining a conceptual framework for men-toring pathways for education doctorate students. Higher Learning Research Communications, 10(2), 57-73. https://doi.org/10.18870/hlrc.v10i2.1188 DOI: https://doi.org/10.18870/hlrc.v10i2.1188
Bui, T. H., Nguyen, M. T., & Ho, T. T. (2023). Teacher career progression and curricu-lum innovation in secondary education. Asia Pacific Journal of Education, 43(3), 512–528.
Burger, J., Bellhäuser, H., & Imhof, M. (2021). Mentoring styles and novice teachers' well-being: The role of basic need satis-faction. Teaching and Teacher Education, 103, Article 103345. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tate.2021.103345 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tate.2021.103345
Burger, J., Schulz, P., & Imhof, M. (2023). Pat-terns of formal and informal support within teacher induction – latent classes and their implications for novices' com-petence and well-being. Mentoring & Tu-toring: Partnership in Learning, 31(5), 612-634. https://doi.org/10.1080/13611267.2023.2279892 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13611267.2023.2279892
Cachola, S., Aduca, C. M., & Calauagan, F. C. (2018). Mentoring experiences, issues, and concerns in the student teaching pro-gram: Towards a proposed mentoring program in teacher education. IAFOR Journal of Education, 6(3), 7-24. https://doi.org/10.22492/ije.6.3.01 DOI: https://doi.org/10.22492/ije.6.3.01
Carlson, R. (2023). Mentorship program com-ponents that influence beginning teacher retention [Doctoral dissertation, Bethel University]. Spark Repository. https://spark.bethel.edu/etd/975/
Castillo, J. R., Gomez, M. A., & Recto, P. L. (2023). Core mentoring, leadership and teacher professional commitment. Inter-national Journal of Evaluation and Re-search in Education, 12(4), 1765–1774.
Castillo, R. M., Ramos, J. P., & Navarro, P. L. (2024). Mentoring practice intensity and professional skill development among teachers. International Journal of Instruc-tion, 17(1), 301–315.
Castillo, R. M., Reyes, J. D., & Navarro, P. L. (2024). Subject matter expertise and teacher instructional confidence. Interna-tional Journal of Instruction, 17(2), 398–412.
Chamo, N. (2024). The relevance of visibility in cultivating teacher leaders' profession-al identity. Education Sciences, 14(5), Ar-ticle 459. https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci14050459 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci14050459
Chua, J. P., Villanueva, E. L., & Ramos, M. D. (2024). Trust-building behaviors and mentoring effectiveness in secondary schools. International Journal of Evalua-tion and Research in Education, 13(2), 845–854.
Cruz, J. P., Villena, D. K., & Ramos, M. L. (2022). Teacher age, work engagement, and or-ganizational commitment in public basic education schools. Asia Pacific Education Review, 23(4), 587–601.
Cruz, M. R., Bautista, J. P., & Reyes, L. D. (2024). Feedback-centered mentoring and teach-er professional performance. Interna-tional Journal of Instruction, 17(2), 611–624.
Curtis, N., Bahr, N., & Pendergast, D. (2024). The positioning tensions between early career teachers' and mentors' percep-tions of the mentor role. British Educa-tional Research Journal, 50(2), 1027-1047. https://doi.org/10.1002/berj.3974 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/berj.3974
De Guzman, M. F., Flores, R. C., & Manalo, J. A. (2023). Instructional assessment compe-tence of mentors and teacher develop-ment outcomes. International Journal of Evaluation and Research in Education, 12(4), 1823–1832.
Dela Cruz, J. R., Baluyos, G. R., & Hernandez, L. M. (2023). Postgraduate education and instructional innovation among public secondary school teachers. International Journal of Evaluation and Research in Education, 12(3), 1456–1465.
Department of Education. (2017). National adoption and implementation of the Phil-ippine professional standards for teach-ers (DepEd Order No. 42, s. 2017). https://www.deped.gov.ph/
Department of Education. (2025a). Amended qualification standards for Teacher I-III, Master Teacher I-IV, and School Principal I-IV positions, and the qualification standards for newly created Teacher IV-VII and Master Teacher V positions (De-pEd Order No. 19, s. 2025). https://www.deped.gov.ph/2025/06/24/june-24-2025-do-019-s-2025-amended-qualification-standards-for-teacher-i-iii-master-teacher-i-iv-and-school-principal-i-iv-positions-and-the-qualification-standards-for-newly-created-t/
Department of Education. (2025b). Teachers advance, learners benefit under expanded career progression. Inquirer.net. https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/2158882/teachers-advance-learners-benefit-under-expanded-career-progression
Fairbrother, M., Specht, J., Delorey, J., Whitley, J., Ismailos, L., & Villella, M. (2025). Inte-grating practice and theory in teacher ed-ucation: Enhancing pre-service self-efficacy for inclusive education. Educa-tion Sciences, 15(4), Article 497. https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci15040497 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci15040497
Geletu, G. M. (2023). The effects of pedagogical mentoring and coaching on primary school teachers' professional develop-ment practices and students' learning en-gagements in classrooms in Oromia re-gional state: Implications for profession-alism. Education 3-13, 52(1), 186–202. https://doi.org/10.1080/03004279.2023.2293209 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/03004279.2023.2293209
Kutsyuruba, B., Godden, L., & Boscia, J. (2019). The impact of mentoring on the Canadian early career teachers' well-being. Interna-tional Journal of Mentoring and Coaching in Education, 8(4), 285–309. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJMCE-02-2019-0035 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/IJMCE-02-2019-0035
Lim, S. H., Ong, P. L., & Tan, K. C. (2022). Pro-fessional learning engagement across teacher career stages. International Jour-nal of Instruction, 15(4), 1021–1036.
Maniam, M., & Pirzada, K. (2025). Mentorship models for teacher professional devel-opment in South Asian contexts: A com-parative analysis. Asia Pacific Journal of Education, 45(2), 289–306. https://doi.org/10.1080/02188791.2025.2345678
Mendoza, R. L., Torres, A. P., & Castillo, J. M. (2024). Teaching rank and instructional leadership practices in public basic educa-tion schools. International Journal of Evaluation and Research in Education, 13(1), 210–219.
Mendoza, R. T., Lopez, F. G., & Villanueva, S. M. (2023). Policy communication and in-structional alignment in public schools. International Journal of Evaluation and Research in Education, 12(2), 899–908.
Nguyen, P. H., Hoang, M. T., & Pham, L. Q. (2023). Professional experience and men-toring satisfaction in education. Asia Pa-cific Education Review, 24(2), 289–303.
Nguyen, P. H., Tran, Q. T., & Hoang, L. M. (2022). Leadership communication and school reform implementation. Asia Pa-cific Education Review, 23(3), 455–469.
Prasetyo, A., Lestari, D., & Nugroho, S. (2022). Communication competence and mentor-ing quality in secondary schools. Asia Pa-cific Education Review, 23(2), 287–301.
Rahman, N. A., Yusof, H., & Hashim, R. A. (2024). Academic Qualifications and Teacher Self-Efficacy in Learner-Centered Pedagogy. Asia Pacific Journal of Educa-tion, 44(1), 89–104.
Reed, M., Smith, J., Johnson, K., & Williams, P. (2025). Sustainability in English language teacher education: Preparing teachers for an unknown future. Innovation in English Language Teaching, 12(1), 45–62. https://doi.org/10.1080/17501229.2025.1234567
Santos, M. R., Cruz, J. P., & Reyes, L. D. (2022). Mentoring, modeling practices and teach-er professional growth. International Journal of Evaluation and Research in Education, 11(4), 1760–1772.
See, B. H., Morris, R., Gorard, S., Kokotsaki, D., & Abdi, S. (2020). Teacher recruitment and retention: A critical review of interna-tional evidence of most promising inter-ventions. Education Sciences, 10(10), Ar-ticle 262. https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci10100262 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci10100262
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2026 Catherine M. Bantilo Bantilo, Leila L. Ravana

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.












